31 July 2023: Articles
Hemorrhagic Vesiculobullous Lesions of Ecthyma Gangrenosum in a Diabetic Patient with Myelofibrosis: A Rare Presentation of Septic Shock without Bacteremia
Unusual clinical course, Challenging differential diagnosis, Diagnostic / therapeutic accidents, Management of emergency care, Educational Purpose (only if useful for a systematic review or synthesis)
Fatimah Jawad Al Muqarrab 1ABCDEFG*, Mohammed J. Al Mosbeh2CDF, Taher Ali Al Haddad 3CDEF, Nora A. Al Muhainy 4BEFDOI: 10.12659/AJCR.939905
Am J Case Rep 2023; 24:e939905
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Ecthyma gangrenosum is a rare skin lesion associated with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an aerobic gram-negative opportunistic bacterial pathogen. In non-bacteremia patients, sepsis is not a common complication. Immunocompromised patients are more commonly affected. If diagnosis and therapy are delayed, the mortality rate is 18-96%. This report is of a 52-year-old man with diabetes mellitus and myelofibrosis presenting with hemorrhagic vesiculobullous lesions of ecthyma gangrenosum on the upper and lower extremities, oral mucosa, and anogenital area with, interestingly, no associated Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia.
CASE REPORT: A 52-year-old diabetes patient with myelofibrosis presented with hemorrhagic vesiculobullous and necrotic eschar-covered erosions over the upper and lower extremities, oral mucosa, and anogenital area. Although he appeared septic looking initially, with signs of end-stage organ failure, and he was later determined to have septic shock, the clinical diagnosis was not possible without a positive culture swab of the cutaneous lesions showing growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The diagnosis of cutaneous ecthyma gangrenosum-induced septic shock was confirmed, though bacteremia was not detected. This patient was successfully managed with the early initiation of proper antibiotics.
CONCLUSIONS: Early detection and vigilance when confronted with the clinical presentation of ecthyma gangrenosum are a vital part of patient management to reduce the high mortality risk of the disease. Although bacteremia is associated with a high risk for fatalities, cutaneous ecthyma gangrenosum can be complicated by septic shock and serious adverse events. The involvement of multidisciplinary teams in patient management is an essential aspect of ecthyma gangrenosum disease management.
Keywords: Ecthyma, Contagious, Sepsis, Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation, systemic vasculitis, Vasculitis, Skin Diseases, Vesiculobullous, aadA6 protein, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Male, Humans, Middle Aged, Ecthyma, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shock, Septic, Pseudomonas Infections, primary myelofibrosis, Bacteremia, Diabetes Mellitus
Background
Ecthyma gangrenosum is a serious and rare, but well-known cutaneous infection that is classically associated with
Case Report
Three days following the administration of amikacin for an
Because the patient gave a history of severe beta-lactam-induced allergic reactions, a non-dermatologist suspected that anaphylaxis was the underlying cause of his initial clinical presentation; ie, hypotension and a cutaneous rash that appeared right after systemic antibiotic ingestion.
However, after a careful examination of the nature of his cutaneous lesions by an expert dermatologist, along with the overall clinical status and the preliminary lab findings, septic shock with signs of end-stage organ failure was suspected to be the top differential diagnosis.
A bacterial culture grown from a swab of a leg cutaneous lesion underneath the scab was positive for
Upper and lower gastrointestinal endoscopies were performed and failed to identify any necrotic, inflammatory, or pathologic causes of bleeding, which was probably related to the deterioration of his coagulation profile. Given these results, a diagnosis of ecthyma gangrenosum-induced septic shock was made.
Since this patient had a history of severe allergic reactions to beta-lactam antibiotics, and the antibacterial sensitivity results were readily available within the first 3 days, levofloxacin was initiated to treat the antibiotic-resistant
Discussion
Although the patient presented to the emergency room as hypotensive, the timeline between the administration of amikacin and his presentation, as well as the types of skin lesions, did not suggest a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction. The most commonly reported allergic reactions to aminoglycosides are caused by gentamicin and tobramycin, with amikacin being the least reported cause. Allergies to aminoglycosides are infrequent compared with cephalosporins or quinolones [3].
Microscopic polyangiitis would be another differential diagnosis to consider in the context of small-medium vessel neutrophilic vasculitis and clear evidence of acute kidney injury (AKI). However, in septic-looking, hypotensive patients with signs of end-stage organ failure, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)-induced hemorrhage, and clear evidence of positive bacterial culture, a diagnosis of ecthyma gangrenosum complicated by septic shock is highly suggested [4].
The patient’s clinical findings were highly suggestive of bacterial sepsis, including a systolic blood pressure of <90 mmHg, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio of >10: 1, and relative thrombocytopenia, with a high platelet large cell ratio, while the following complications suggested septic shock: AKI, DIC, and acute respiratory distress syndrome [5]. Although the patient was afebrile, immunocompromised patients can develop sepsis with normothermia.
Although ecthyma gangrenosum is commonly associated with
While awaiting the results, antipseudomonal penicillins in conjunction with gentamicin can be used as an empirical treatment [6]. However, when the antibacterial sensitivity results are readily available, the choice of proper antibiotics should be based on those results. Therefore, oral levofloxacin was initiated to treat the antibiotic-resistant
Conclusions
Early detection and a high suspicion of ecthyma gangrenosum, with special consideration for the clinical presentation of ecthyma gangrenosum, is a vital part of patient management to reduce the high mortality risk of the disease. Although bacteremia is associated with a high risk for fatalities, cutaneous ecthyma gangrenosum is also serious, as it can be complicated by septic shock and serious adverse events. The involvement of multidisciplinary teams in patient management is an essential aspect of ecthyma gangrenosum disease management.
Figures
Figure 1.. (A–C) Ecthyma gangrenosum. Hemorrhagic vesicular lesions with eschar-covered ulcers over the patient’s extremities. Figure 2.. (A, B) Ecthyma gangrenosum. Necrotic erosions over the lips and tongue. Figure 3.. (A, B) Ecthyma gangrenosum histology. H&E staining of the skin (40×) shows epidermal necrosis and sloughing, sparse neutrophilic vasculitis that extends deeply into the subcutaneous tissue, and violaceous fibrinous debris surrounding the vascular wall.References:
1.. Korte A, Vos JM, Ecthyma gangrenosum: N Engl J Med, 2017; 377; e32
2.. Mina YK, William DJ, Ecthyma gangrenosum.: Background, pathophysiology, etiology. May 18, 2021 Accessed June 8, 2023. Available at: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1053997-overview
3.. Childs-Kean LM, Shaeer KM, Varghese Gupta S, Cho JC, Aminoglycoside allergic reactions.: Pharmacy, 2019; 7(3); 124
4.. Vaiman M, Lazarovitch T, Heller L, Lotan G, Ecthyma gangrenosum and ecthyma-like lesions: Review article: Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 2015; 34(4); 633-39
5.. Irwin RS, Lilly CM, Mayo PH, Rippe JM: Irwin and Rippe’s Intensive Care Medicine, 2018, Philadelphia, Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
6.. Kingsbery M, James W, Ecthyma gangrenosum treatment & management. Published October 2, 2020. Accessed September 29, 2022. Available at: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1053997-treatment
7.. Paul M, Carrara E, Retamar P, European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) guidelines for the treatment of infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli (endorsed by European society of intensive care medicine).: Clin Microbiol Infect, 2022; 28(4); 521-47
Figures
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