10 January 2022>: Articles
Clinically Isolated Brainstem Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy: Diagnostic Challenges
Mistake in diagnosis
Faisal Khan A* , Neha Sharma A , Moin Ud Din A , Ijeoma Gloria Akabalu ADOI: 10.12659/AJCR.935019
Am J Case Rep 2022; 23:e935019
Table 1. Differential diagnoses of acute brainstem syndrome.
Etiology | Diagnosis |
---|---|
Immune-mediated | Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) [,,]5 |
Multiple sclerosis (MS) [,,]5 | |
Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis (BBE) [,]5 | |
Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-associated disease (MOGAD) [,,]5 | |
Infectious | Rhombencephalitis () []5 |
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) encephalopathy []14 | |
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (John Cunningham virus) (PML) []27 | |
Inflammatory | Chronic lymphocytic inflammation with pontine perivascular enhancement responsive to steroids (CLIPPERS) [,]26 |
Neurosarcoidosis []26 | |
Neuro systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) []26 | |
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) [,]5 | |
Neuro Sjogren’s []26 | |
Neuro Bechet’s []27 | |
Metabolic | Wilson’s disease []28 |
Leigh’s syndrome []5 | |
Central pontine myelinolysis/osmotic demyelination syndrome [,]5 | |
Vascular | Vertebrobasilar ischemic syndrome []29 |
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) []30 | |
Toxic | Heroin []28 |
Cyclosporin A encephalopathy []28 | |
Neoplasms/paraneoplastic | Brainstem glioma []5 |
Diffuse large B cell lymphoma []27 | |
Anti Hu, Ma2, Ri, KLH, LUZP4 []27 |