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04 November 2019 : Case report  Japan

Pulmonary Barotrauma Following Nasal High-Flow Therapy in a Patient with Bronchiolitis Obliterans Syndrome

Unusual or unexpected effect of treatment

Tsuyoshi Ito1ABCDEF*, Tomoko Suzuki1BCDF, Matsuyoshi Maeda2BCD, Shotaro Iwamoto3CDF, Masahiro Hirayama3CDF, Yasuharu Yamada4CDF, Eiichi Azuma4ABCDEF

DOI: 10.12659/AJCR.918580

Am J Case Rep 2019; 20:1619-1622

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary barotrauma is considered as complication of the use of positive-pressure ventilations. Nasal high-flow therapy is increasingly being used as an alternative to them. Nasal high-flow therapy rarely causes pulmonary barotrauma probably because airway pressures are lower when compared with invasive mechanical ventilation. Bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is triggered by an alloimmune response in the bronchioles and causes obstruction of the bronchioles. However, the threshold of additional positive pressure has not been determined in a patient with bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome.

CASE REPORT: A 14-year-old female patient with acute myeloid leukemia at high risk of recurrence received an allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation from an unrelated bone marrow donor. After engraftment, she developed acute graft-versus-host disease, followed by chronic graft-versus-host disease. Ten months post-transplantation, she developed bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. She continued to receive nasal supplemental oxygen therapy for persistent dyspnea due to bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. At month +25, hypercapnia was noted. Therefore, we carefully initiated nasal high-flow therapy for dyspnea and adjusted the oxygen dose to maintain 90% SpO2 to avoid life-threatening apnea. The flow rate was as low as 14 to 20 L/min to avoid the risk of barotrauma and the deterioration of air trapping. Unfortunately, she died of respiratory failure at month +31 post-transplantation. A lung autopsy revealed pulmonary barotrauma.

CONCLUSIONS: Nasal high-flow therapy, even at low flow rates, may cause fatal pulmonary barotrauma in bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome.

Keywords: Barotrauma, Bronchiolitis Obliterans, Graft vs Host Disease, noninvasive ventilation, Adolescent, Dyspnea, Fatal Outcome, Hypercapnia, Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute, Lung Injury, Oxygen Inhalation Therapy, Respiratory Insufficiency

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American Journal of Case Reports eISSN: 1941-5923
American Journal of Case Reports eISSN: 1941-5923